https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/17/technology/google-ad-tech-antitrust-ruling.html

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Supercharging Slack’s Reaction Icons

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mIRC: Internet Relay Chat client

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高级Bash脚本编程摘要

本文档总结了2006年由Michael Potter在UniForum Chicago所做的关于Bash 3.x高级脚本的演示内容，核心目标是展示如何编写更健壮、可维护的Bash脚本。

核心安全脚本 (stringent.sh)

演示的核心是一个推荐的脚本框架 stringent.sh，它通过设置一系列Shell选项来增强脚本的可靠性和错误报告：

• set -o errexit：遇到错误时立即退出。
• set -o noclobber：防止意外覆盖文件。
• set -o nounset：引用未设置的变量时报错。
• set -o pipefail：使管道命令中任意部分失败都会导致整个管道失败。
• 结合 trap 和 BASH_SOURCE、BASH_LINENO 等变量，在 ERR 信号时输出详细的错误位置信息。

变量处理

• 整数变量：使用 declare -i 声明，可提前捕获非整数值赋值错误。注意八进制和十六进制前缀（如012, 0x12）会导致赋值结果不同。
• 作用域：函数内使用 declare 或 local 声明的变量是局部的，仅在函数及其调用的子函数内可见。普通变量作用域是全局的。
• 只读变量：使用 declare -r 或 readonly 创建，一旦设置不可更改。
• 未设置变量处理：使用参数展开语法 ${var:-default} (提供默认值)、${var:=default} (赋值并使用默认值)等，可避免因变量未定义导致的错误。
• 字符串操作：
  • 子串提取：${var:position:length}，支持负数从末尾计数。
  • 模式匹配删除：
    • #：从左侧匹配删除最短模式。
    • ##：从左侧匹配删除最长模式。
    • %：从右侧匹配删除最短模式。
    • %%：从右侧匹配删除最长模式。常用于提取文件名或路径部分。
  • 搜索替换：${var/pattern/replacement}，双斜杠 // 表示替换所有匹配。

条件判断与测试

• 多种 if 语法：if command、if (( )) (整数算术测试)、if [ ] / if test (传统测试)、if [[ ]] (增强测试)。
• 关键区别：
  • [ ] 与外部命令 test 相同，对变量和通配符处理较为原始，需注意引号。
  • [[ ]] 是Bash内置关键字，支持更安全的字符串比较（如通配符匹配）和正则表达式匹配（=~），并能避免单词分割和文件名扩展的问题。
  • (( )) 专门用于整数算术计算。
• 建议规则：使用 [ ] 进行文件名 glob 匹配；使用 (( )) 进行数学运算；其他情况推荐使用 [[ ]]。
• 正则表达式：在 [[ ]] 中可使用 =~ 进行扩展正则表达式匹配，匹配结果存储在 BASH_REMATCH 数组中。

管道与子Shell陷阱

• 当使用 command | while read 结构时，while 循环会在一个子Shell中执行，导致循环内对变量的修改不会影响父Shell。
• 解决方案：使用输入重定向 (done < file) 或进程替换 (done < <(command)) 来避免创建子Shell，确保变量修改可见。

引用与特殊变量

• 引用变量：始终用双引号括起变量 ("$var")，可防止因变量值包含空格或特殊字符导致的错误。在 [[ ]] 内和整数上下文中可安全省略引号。
• 特殊变量：
  • $?：上一条命令的退出状态。
  • $PIPESTATUS：一个数组，包含管道中每个命令的退出状态。
  • $LINENO：当前执行的脚本行号。
  • $BASH_COMMAND：当前正在执行或即将执行的命令。
  • $FUNCNAME, $BASH_SOURCE, $BASH_LINENO：提供调用栈信息，用于调试。

学习资源

演示最后推荐了进一步学习的资料，包括 man bash、O'Reilly的《Learning the Bash shell》以及相关在线文档。

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https://thenumb.at/Autodiff/

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A combined team of metallurgists, materials scientists and engineers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong University and the Georgia Institute of Technology has developed a way to make stainless steel more resistant ...